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0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom:
to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same
sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for
manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation:
a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to software
manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject
matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this
License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in
any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying
it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to
use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee,
and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify
or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright
law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim,
or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship
of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part
a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the
subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical,
ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain
zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text
that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover
Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25
words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable
copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly
with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic
paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor,
and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation
to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy
made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence
of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification
by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent"
is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary
word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools
are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript
or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title
page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly,
the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page"
means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the
Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands
for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains
a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to
the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication
that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on
the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License,
the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical
measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation
in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies
you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions
stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that
commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you
as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full
title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You
may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document
and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous
to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each
Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute
an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact
the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number
of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version
of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that
you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses
a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified
Version:
- A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers,
if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those
of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in
the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as
a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives
permission.
- B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one
or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications
in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer
than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
- C. State on the Title page the name of the
publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
- D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the
Document.
- E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for
your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
- F. Include, immediately after the copyright
notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the
Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown
in the Addendum below.
- G. Preserve in that license notice the full
lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the
Document's license notice.
- H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
- I. Preserve the section Entitled "History",
Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title,
year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given
on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher
of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
- J. Preserve the network location, if any,
given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document
for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that
was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if
the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
- K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements"
or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve
in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
- L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of
the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section
numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
- M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".
Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
- N. Do not retitle any existing section to
be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
- O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided
it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement
made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add
another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from
the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not
by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for
or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released
under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant
Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them
all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice,
and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this
License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with
a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same
name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document
and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection,
and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume
of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative
works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic
equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise
they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so
you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission
from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some
or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and
all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers,
provided that you also include the original English version of this
License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.
In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version
of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute
the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any
other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document
is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such
new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have
the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified
version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft)
by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a
version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published
(not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
How to use this License for
your documents
To use this License in a document you have written,
include a copy of the License in the document and put the following
copyright and license notices just after the title page:
- Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
modify this document
- under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2
- or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation;
- with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts,
and no Back-Cover Texts.
- A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled "GNU
- Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and
Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
- with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES,
with the
- Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover
Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts,
or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives
to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice
of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
This page
was last modified 00.01, 10 Febuary 2008.
All text
is available under the terms of the GNU
Free Documentation License.
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